This paper deals with and answers the following question: What are the best upper and lower bounds on expected utility when we know the mean and variance of the random variable involved? Some ...

Many finance teams treat variance analysis as a box-checking exercise: Set a threshold, flag the swing, move on. That’s why so many controllers spend days chasing noise while risks slip through. It’s ...

Stock's historical variance measures its return stability over time. Higher variance indicates greater return unpredictability and risk. Calculate variance using Excel to simplify the process for ...