The first seven steps in a Guarner fundoplication are identical to the first seven in a Nissen fundoplication. The wrap, however, differs in that it extends around only 240º to 280º of the esophageal ...

Achalasia is a rare disorder where the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) fails to relax. It’s also marked by the loss of peristalsis, the muscle waves that push food down the esophagus. The root cause ...

Vocal cords immediately before the onset of adduction during esophageal air injection (i). Vocal cords maximally adducted (ii). Vocal cords returned to resting position 1.42 sec after the onset of ...

EXTENSIVE clinical data have been accumulated during recent years that support the view that scleroderma is a systemic disease. In addition to cutaneous involvement, which remains the cardinal ...

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)-The main cause of Barrett’s esophagus is gastroesophageal reflux. Conditions that increase reflux predispose a patient to Barrett’s esophagus. Normally, the ...